MBUYI-BIUMA (AP) FOR JUDICIAL REVIEW [2019] ScotCS CSOH

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of a decision of the Upper Tribunal (Immigration and Asylum Chamber) dated

[1] The petitioner was born on 21 October 1982. She is a national of the Democratic

Republic of Congo (“DRC”). She claimed asylum on 6 September 2016. The respondent

refused her asylum claim on 3 March 2017. The respondent had accepted the petitioner’s

nationality and further accepted that she had been a member of a political party, the

National Union for Federalist Democrats (“UNDEF”). Following sundry procedure, the

petitioner’s appeal came before the First-tier Tribunal (“the FtT”). By decision dated

27 November 2018, the FtT refused the petitioner’s appeal. The petitioner sought permission

to appeal from the FtT. By decision dated 14 December 2018, the FtT refused such

permission. The petitioner duly applied directly for permission to appeal to the Upper

Tribunal. In a decision dated 28 January 2019, the Upper Tribunal refused permission to

appeal to itself. That decision of the Upper Tribunal is the subject of the petitioner’s

[2] The sole question for the court at the substantive hearing on the petition was

whether the Upper Tribunal had materially erred in law in determining on 28 January 2019

to refuse to grant the petitioner permission to appeal against the decision of the FtT dated

27 November 2018. At an earlier permission hearing in the currency of the present

proceedings the second appeals test was decided by the Lord Ordinary and this accordingly

did not require to be re-litigated at the substantive hearing. In all of these circumstances,

and having regard to the dicta of the Court in HH v Secretary of State for the Home Department

2015 SC 613 at paragraphs 14 and 15, this court accordingly required at the substantive

hearing to exercise the restricted jurisdiction of reviewing the legality of the decision of the

Upper Tribunal on an application for permission to appeal, in this case under reference to

the only remaining specific ground insisted upon by the petitioner, namely ground 1, arising

from the various grounds of appeal which were put before the Upper Tribunal in the

petitioner’s original application for permission. Consideration of that remaining ground

therefore provided the framework for the discussion at the substantive hearing in respect of

the said exercise, namely the review of the legality of the Upper Tribunal’s decision on the

[3] The issue arising in that extant ground of appeal focused upon the contended failure

by the respondent to verify certain documentary evidence, the details and purported import

of which I will turn to shortly. It was a matter of concession on the part of the respondent

that she did not carry out any investigation into the reliability of any of these documents. It

was further not in issue that the gravamen of the petitioner’s application to the FtT against

the respondent’s refusal of her asylum claim was that her political activities for the UNDEF

party would place her at real risk in the event of her return to the DRC.

[4] Counsel for the petitioner, under reference to PJ (Sri Lanka) v Secretary of State for the

Home Department [2015] 1 WLR 1322, per Fulford LJ at paragraphs 29 to 31 and 41 to 42,

noted that, notwithstanding adverse credibility findings at first instance made against the

applicant, the Court of Appeal in that case nevertheless allowed the applicant’s appeal,

remitted the case to the Upper Tribunal for a rehearing and made observations concerning

the obligation upon a national authority to investigate documentation in certain exceptional

circumstances. Counsel further referred to the dicta of the Extra Division in AR [2017] CSIH 52

at paragraphs 31 and 33 to 35, which was also a case in which there were adverse

credibility findings and the applicant’s appeal was allowed. The Court observed in that case

at paragraph 35 that even in circumstances in which concerns over the veracity of a

claimant’s account may be so clear cut that the decision-maker is driven to rejection of

apparently authentic supporting documents, nevertheless some consideration may be

expected by the court to be given to easily available routes to check authenticity, the

decision-maker requiring to stand back and view all of the evidence in the round before

[5] The documents founded upon on behalf of the petitioner before the FtT comprised

two translated letters from a named barrister dated 30 January 2017 and 11 April 2017. Each

letter was reference headed in respect of the petitioner’s case against the ANR, being the

intelligence agency of the DRC, and was signed by the barrister. The second letter in

addition provided two telephone numbers together with the barrister’s bar registration

number and the page number in the court directory for 2016/17 in which the name of that

barrister could be located, along with website details. Also in the second letter the barrister

advised that the relevant entry in the website of the bar association stated that he had been

practising since 13 November 1985. In this letter the author briefly described the manner in

which he had been informed of what he described as a “search warrant” issued against the

petitioner, and further advised that, regarding the proceedings which resulted in the search

warrant being obtained, the author had been given a copy of that document by ANR staff

when he attended to seek the release of the petitioner’s mother following her arrest and

transfer to the ANR. The first letter had in fact referred not to a “search warrant” but to the

issue of an “All Ports Warning” by the national intelligence agency dated 24 August 2016.

This was the document referred to in the second letter, it can be reasonably inferred, as the

“search warrant”. The All Ports Warning document was annexed to the first letter, and was

available before the FtT in translation. It bore a date, 24 August 2016, and location,

Kinshasa, and appeared in the form of a memorandum to certain numbered organisations or

persons. It appeared to bear the official stamp of the department of domestic security and

was signed by the head of the department of domestic security of the ANR, who was named

in the document. The document contained an instruction referred to as a “permanent All

Ports Warning”, and referred to the petitioner by name and to the petitioner’s party

[6] Counsel for the petitioner observed that, while the FtT in its decision letter of

27 November 2018 had accepted the petitioner’s party membership, nevertheless, in its

reasons for refusing her appeal, in section 9 of its decision letter, adverse credibility findings

in respect of the petitioner’s contentions concerning risk had been expressed in detail, all in

the absence of any attempt by the decision-maker to undertake a verification exercise.

Counsel contended that such an exercise, had it been attempted, could well have led to a

reversal of the said adverse credibility findings once all of the available evidence was

viewed in the round in due course by the FtT. The verification point having been focused in

detail in ground one of the grounds of appeal to the Upper Tribunal, the briefly expressed

decision of the Upper Tribunal dated 28 January 2019 on permission disclosed on the face of

it no real engagement with this point. The documentation to be verified originated from an

experienced lawyer who had provided his bar credentials and details and whose bona fides

had not been challenged. These documents were central to the contention advanced on

behalf of the petitioner in respect of risk; the documents were capable of uncomplicated

verification; and, in the fact specific circumstances of the petitioner’s claim, the

unchallenged bona fides of the third party source of the documents, namely the barrister,

tipped the balance in favour of generating an obligation upon the national authority, here

represented by the respondent, to carry out the exceptional course of undertaking a

straightforward verification exercise. The failure of the Upper Tribunal to engage with this

point, which had been clearly raised in the grounds of appeal, in these circumstances

constituted a material error of law and called for the reduction of the challenged decision of

[7] Counsel for the respondents submitted in the generality that the Upper Tribunal had

not erred in law in failing to give permission. The only route to verification proposed on

behalf of the petitioner was to the effect that the respondent should contact the purported

author of the documents. No evidence had been produced with the ground of appeal

advanced to the Upper Tribunal in respect of what the lawyer would say if he was to be so

contacted, and of course, the point having not been taken before the FtT, no findings are

recorded by the FtT in respect of what would have happened had he been thus contacted.

[8] Under reference to Tanveer Ahmed v Secretary of State for the Home Department

[2002] Imm AR 318, per Collins J at paragraphs 32 and 37, counsel submitted that it was for an

individual claimant to show that a document which was sought to be relied upon was

indeed reliable. Counsel noted the observations of Collins J at paragraph 30 concerning the

requirement to differentiate between form and content, in terms of which, by inference,

counsel submitted that a decision-maker required to ask (i) whether the writer or author of a

document was actually who he or she purported to be, and (ii) whether what was written in

the document, by way of its contents, was actually true. Referring to the dicta of

Lloyd Jones LJ in MA (Bangladesh) v Secretary of State for the Home Department [2016] EWCA

Civ 175 at paragraphs 24 to 31 and 42 to 45, counsel submitted that in the great majority of

cases no duty to investigate documents founded upon arose. Counsel accepted that if two

conditions, namely (i) centrality to the request for protection and (ii) resolution by a simple

process of enquiry, were duly satisfied, it may however then be necessary for a national

authority to embark on verification. In any event, counsel submitted that there was

nevertheless no obligation upon a national authority to make further enquiries if there was

compelling evidence to the effect that an applicant’s claim for asylum was not genuine:

MA (Bangladesh), supra, per Lloyd Jones LJ at paragraph 45. Counsel further submitted that

the dicta in PJ (Sri Lanka), supra, and AR, supra, founded upon by the petitioner were in effect

obiter, these cases not being directly related to a lack of investigations carried out by the

respondent, but instead being reasons cases. In the whole circumstances, counsel

contended, the petitioner’s case was one of the great majority of cases in which no duty to

[9] Turning to the documents themselves, counsel accepted that the bona fides of the

barrister author of the documents had not been challenged before the FtT, but noted

observations in the FtT decision in respect of which some doubt had been cast upon the

reliability of that barrister, a point of inconsistency arising at paragraph 9.11 of the decision

letter and a point of implausibility at paragraph 9.12 thereof. While it was clear that the All

Ports Warning was central to the petitioner’s case, counsel submitted that on the material

before the Upper Tribunal on permission, a simple process of enquiry could not conclusively

resolve the issue of the reliability of the All Ports Warning, and, further, if a duty to

investigate did arise, the failure by the respondent to carry it out was immaterial in terms of

outcome to the decision of the FtT. Counsel developed these submissions in this way. The

barrister was not himself the author of the All Ports Warning; accordingly, even if the

barrister could confirm in an acceptably reliable manner how he had obtained this

document, there was no material before the Upper Tribunal to confirm that it had been

actually written by its purported author, nor indeed, significantly, that its contents were

true. In any event, if error was to be established in this case, counsel submitted that any

such error was irrelevant as to outcome. The FtT had not given the All Ports Warning

weight in its assessment on the basis that the FtT had not been put in a position to

understand what that document was actually telling them. The document being thereby

unexplained, a failure to verify it could not be said to be material to the disposal of the

petitioner’s case. On this point counsel referred to the dicta of Lord Neuberger at

paragraph 51 in Holmes-Moorhouse v Richmond upon Thames London Borough Council

[10] Finally, dealing briefly with the barrister’s letters themselves rather than the central

matter of the All Ports Warning, counsel again submitted that no duty to investigate these

documents arose on the facts of the case, and that in any event this material was of limited

probative value. The relevant material content in the letters amounted to hearsay from

unspecified people, and the terms were too vague to be of assistance. The letters required to

be read in translation, and there was a problem with accuracy in respect of the word

“interrogation” in the fourth paragraph of the first letter, and indeed the petitioner herself

had stated in oral evidence before the FtT, as narrated in paragraph 9.4 of the decision letter,

that this word should properly have been translated as “invitation”.

[11] While a duty upon a national authority to verify documents founded upon by an

applicant can only be said to arise exceptionally, that does not necessarily mean that

exceptional circumstances in and of themselves require to be established before such a duty

can be engaged in this way. In keeping with the general approach to be adopted in asylum

cases, the relevant evidence requires to be viewed holistically, and indeed the entirety of the

available evidence will require to be established. The All Ports Warning dated 24 August

2016 annexed to the first letter from the barrister must be regarded as a document of

potentially very high significance in respect of the petitioner’s claim for protection, which

claim of course lies at the heart of her asylum request. The date on that document is

consistent with the dates referred to in the barrister’s first letter. The events of August 2016

as set out in section 8 of the FtT decision letter do not appear to be inconsistent with the

barrister’s letters or indeed with the All Ports Warning document of 24 August 2016 itself.

The party membership of the petitioner in and of itself is in addition not in issue in this case.

The mistranslation of the word “interrogation/invitation” was a matter raised by the

petitioner herself, and I do not regard it at all as a material point against the authenticity of

the documents in these circumstances. In short, the third party source of the documents

purports to be a barrister of some experience, who has given multiple points of contact and

of reference for his professional status in the letters, and, although points of reliability raised

in the decision of the FtT were noted by counsel for the respondent, he very fairly accepted

that the bona fides of the barrister had not itself been challenged in respect that, as he put

matters, no question of bad faith arose on the barrister’s part in this case. This in my view

places the petitioner’s case on its facts in close proximity to the facts pertinent to the

documents founded upon in PJ (Sri Lanka), supra, as expressed in some detail by Fulford LJ

[12] The documents founded upon by the petitioner and in respect of which she calls for

verification by the respondent, plainly lie at the centre of her request for protection, and in

view of the contact details and sources referred to therein in respect of the third party author

of the letters, it appears to me that a simple process of enquiry would resolve any question

of the reliability and authenticity of that source, namely the barrister himself. In terms of the

veracity of the material, I have reached the view that all of the evidence, including the

documentary evidence, ought properly to have been considered in its entirety in this case,

and that a proper approach would require, on that material, consideration of a duty to

verify. Matters of veracity pertaining to the documents will accordingly be part of the whole

picture viewed by the decision-maker in the vital exercise of the consideration of all of the

evidence in the round, adopting such a holistic approach. In my opinion a duty to

investigate at least arguably arises in this case, given that the criteria of centrality and

simplicity of process are comfortably established in a particular context in which the

documents themselves have as their provenance a third party source who is on the face of

matters a lawyer of considerable experience whose bona fides is expressly unchallenged on

behalf of the respondent. The letters indicate that there is an ongoing case involving the

petitioner and the ANR. The All Ports Warning of 24 August 2016 expressly relates to the

party membership of the petitioner. The manner in which it was obtained has been

described in some detail in the second letter from the barrister. Given the holistic approach

desiderated in the authorities on these matters, I am not satisfied that the materiality point

contended for by counsel for the respondent has been made out on the specific facts of this

case. The All Ports Warning in particular, in and of itself, fortified by the terms of the

barrister’s letters, goes directly to the question of risk for the petitioner in respect of any

future return by her to the DRC, and that at a potentially high level. In these circumstances

the following observation of the Court in AR, supra, at paragraph 35, obiter or otherwise,

“We recognise that there may be cases where the concerns over the veracity of a

claimant’s account may be so clear-cut that the decision-maker is driven to rejection

of supporting documents, even though on their face they appear to be authentic; but

even then, given what is at stake, we would expect some consideration to be given to

easily available routes to check authenticity. There is no question that these

documents are at the centre of a request for international protection. The

decision-maker should stand back and view all of the evidence in the round before

deciding which evidence to accept and which to reject, and in the proper disposal of

[13] It is clear that the All Ports Warning in the petitioner’s case requires to be viewed as

being at the centre of her request for protection and as pointing plainly to what could well

be considered to be a significant risk for her on any future return to the DRC. In the whole

circumstances, accepting once more that the obligation to verify arises exceptionally, I am of

the opinion that such an obligation arguably arises on the particular facts of the petitioner’s

case. It being accepted that no attempts to verify having to date been instigated on behalf of

the respondent, it is clear that the duty which arises here has not been discharged, and that

accordingly an arguable error of law arises which in turn requires this court to provide relief

for the petitioner by way of the remedy of reduction of the challenged decision of the Upper

[14] Having identified a material error of law on the part of the Upper Tribunal in its

decision of 28 January 2019, I propose to sustain the second plea in law for the petitioner, to

repel the third and fourth pleas in law for the respondent, and to pronounce an order

reducing the decision of 28 January 2019. All questions of expenses are, meantime, reserved.

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	Scottish Court of Session Decisions
You are here: BAILII >> Databases >> Scottish Court of Session Decisions >> MBUYI-BIUMA (AP) FOR JUDICIAL REVIEW [2019] ScotCS CSOH_93 (19 November 2019) URL: http://www.bailii.org/scot/cases/ScotCS/2019/2019_CSOH_93.html Cite as: [2019] ScotCS CSOH_93, [2019] CSOH 93, 2019 GWD 40-647

Scottish Court of Session Decisions