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EXTRA DIVISION, INNER HOUSE, COURT OF SESSION
[2023] CSIH 42
XA32/23
Lord Doherty
OPINION OF THE COURT
delivered by LORD DOHERTY
in the Application by the First Defender for Permission to Appeal to the Court of Session
under s 113 of the Courts Reform (Scotland) Act 2014 against the decision of the Sheriff
Appeal Court dated 5 July 2023
in the cause
THE ROYAL BANK OF SCOTLAND PLC
Pursuers
against
MOHAMMED ASLAM
First Defender
and
THOMAS CAMPBELL MACLENNAN
Second Defender
Pursuers: Foyle, Sol Adv; Shoosmiths
First Defender: Party, with Richard Thorburn (Lay Representative)
15 November 2023
Introduction
[1]
In this application for permission to appeal against a decision of the Sheriff Appeal
Court the first defender is a party litigant. He applied to the court in terms of rule of
court 12B.2 for permission for Richard Thorburn to appear as his lay representative at the
2
hearing on 3 November 2023. Both he and Mr Thorburn had completed Form 12B.2. In
Part 1 the first defender described Mr Thorburn's experience as "formerly professionally
qualified lawyer". In Part 2 Mr Thorburn amended declaration (d) to state "I declare that I
have no previous criminal convictions (other than minor road traffic infringements)."
Neither the first defender nor Mr Thorburn disclosed in the form that in 2009 Mr Thorburn
had been found guilty of professional misconduct and had been struck off the roll of
solicitors. Nor did they disclose that in another case in 2016 this court had refused a
previous application by the first defender to have Mr Thorburn as his lay representative
(Mohammed Aslam v Glasgow City Council [2016] CSIH 78, at paras [5] to [8]). Candour
required that they should have done so. It does not reflect well on them that they did not. It
should not have been left to the court to discover these facts through its own researches
(which it did) or through information provided by the pursuers.
[2]
The first defender tendered a written submission in support of his motion. The crux
of the submission was that Mr Thorburn was his only remaining option for assistance of any
sort. There was no-one else who could help him. He had made extensive enquiries, without
success, to try to obtain legal representation. There was a real imbalance of power and
resources, and an inequality of arms, between the parties. Allowing Mr Thorburn to appear
as his lay representative would go some way to redress that, would assist the court, and
would be in the interests of justice. The pursuers opposed the motion, maintaining that
Mr Thorburn would be unlikely to assist the court, for the reasons discussed in Mohammed
Aslam v Glasgow City Council, at para [8].
[3]
I granted permission for Mr Thorburn to appear as lay representative at the hearing
on 3 November, albeit I had very considerable misgivings about doing so. I was conscious
that the hearing could well be the end of the road for the first defender, and that he and his
3
wife might lose their home. It was plain to me that Mr Thorburn had prepared the written
submissions which were already before the court, and that in those circumstances I was
likely to obtain more assistance from him about their content than I would from questioning
the first defender. I was also mindful of the need for justice to be seen to be done, and that
the court could withdraw permission during the course of the hearing if it became clear that
Mr Thorburn's submissions were of no assistance. Those considerations led me to conclude
that it was in the interests of justice that permission be granted, notwithstanding my
reservations. As I indicated to Mr Thorburn at the time, the allowance of the motion ought
not to be regarded as being in any way a precedent to be relied upon in any future
applications concerning him. Nor should it be viewed as in any way an endorsement by the
court of his suitability for the role of lay representative.
Background
[4]
The pursuers' predecessors advanced loans to the first defender. The first defender
granted standard securities over several properties owned by him to the pursuers'
predecessors, including a standard security over the home where he and his wife reside, and
of which he is the heritable proprietor. That standard security was granted on 27 May 2008.
It is for all sums due and that may become due by the first defender. The first defender was
sequestrated with effect from 26 September 2008. The second defender is the Trustee in
sequestration.
[5]
Since his sequestration the first defender has instigated a tsunami of litigation. On
22 March 2019 this court declared him to be a vexatious litigant (Lord Advocate v Mohammed
Aslam [2019] CSIH 17). Some of the litigations up to that time are listed in para [4] of the
court's Opinion. In one of them the first defender sought damages from the pursuers for
4
selling 27 of his properties for less than their market values in breach of their duties as
security holders. That action was dismissed by Sheriff Deutsch on 17 October 2017. An
appeal was refused by the Sheriff Appeal Court on 18 January 2018. On 27 June 2018 this
court refused permission to appeal (Mohammed Aslam v Royal Bank of Scotland
[6]
The first defender defaulted on the loan repayments. No repayments have been
made since 2018. The pursuers' predecessors demanded repayment of the loans in full.
They served a notice of default and raised proceedings to enforce the standard security.
Decree was granted. The first defender's appeal to this court was refused. Before that
decree was enforced, the United Kingdom Supreme Court issued its decision in Royal Bank of
Scotland plc v Wilson 2011 SC (UKSC) 66. That decision clarified that where the default relied
upon was a failure to pay money a calling-up notice required to be served. In light of that
decision the pursuers did not seek to enforce the decree. They began again. They served a
calling-up notice on the first defender requiring payment of the outstanding monies within
2 months, failing which to allow them to exercise their rights as heritable creditors. The
notice period elapsed without the first defender having taken any steps to reduce or
challenge the notice or tender payment of the sums due.
The summary application
[7]
The pursuers lodged a summary application in the sheriff court at Glasgow craving
the court (i) to find and declare that the first defender is in default in terms of standard
condition 9(1)(a) of the standard security and that they have a right to enter into possession
of the security subjects; (ii) to grant warrant to them to enter into possession of those
subjects by virtue of s 24 of the Conveyancing and Feudal Reform (Scotland) Act 1970; and
5
(iii) to ordain the defenders and any person occupying the subjects to vacate them and to
grant warrant for summary ejection. In Article 5 of the application the pursuers stated that
all of the obligations set out under the Home Owner and Debtor Protection (Scotland)
Act 2010 had been complied with, and an appropriate certificate of completion of those
requirements was produced (Act of Sederunt (Sheriff Court Rules)(Enforcement of Securities
over Heritable Property) 2010, Schedule 1, Form 11C). In the same article the pursuers aver
that the first defender had suggested that his son should purchase the security subjects for a
price which was below the market value using funds which the first defender proposed the
pursuers should lend his son; that the pursuers rejected the offer; and that the first
defender wrote to them (in a letter dated 7 August 2021) saying:
"If the bank does not want to bring the ongoing matters to an end, then we can
continue the matter through the courts for possibly another 10+ years...the property
could become seriously fire damaged or demolished before bringing matters to an
end. For your information I do NOT have any home insurance."
Reference was also made to an earlier letter (dated 18 May 2018) where the first defender
had stated:
"Should you wish to proceed with court action it will go through the whole court
process all the way to the UKSC and European Court of human rights and Could
(sic) take several years, by the time I will make sure that the property will not be
worth half the mortgage value because I will knock down the property to ground
level and then I restart (sic) the court proceed (sic) all over again."
[8]
Only the first defender entered appearance and lodged defences in the summary
application process. He stated a plea of res judicata, maintaining that the matters raised had
been adjudicated upon in the previous proceedings. Answer 3 contained a bald denial that
the first defender was in breach of his obligations under the standard security. He averred
that if an amount remained due to the pursuers "which is not known and not admitted" it
was because the pursuers had failed in their statutory duty (Conveyancing and Feudal
6
Reform (Scotland) Act 1970, s 25) to take all reasonable steps to ensure that they obtained the
best prices which could reasonably be obtained for other security subjects which they sold
when enforcing standard securities over them. The first defender averred that "the pursuer
is accordingly prevented from proceeding with this application under the principle of
personal bar." He further averred that as at 20 October 2008 there was a balance of in excess
of £50,000 in his current account with the pursuers "which sums are or were available to
service or set off" against his mortgage account. In those circumstances it would be
unreasonable for the court to grant the orders sought. Both parties had pleas to the
relevancy and specification of the other party's pleadings.
Sections 24 and 25 of the Conveyancing (Scotland) Act 1970
[9]
Sections 24 and 25 of the Conveyancing (Scotland) Act 1970 provide:
"24 Application by creditor to court for remedies on default.
(1) Without prejudice to his proceeding by way of notice of default in respect of a
default within the meaning of standard condition 9(1)(b), a creditor in a standard
security, where the debtor is in default within the meaning of that standard
condition or standard condition 9(1)(c), may apply to the court for warrant to
exercise any of the remedies which he is entitled to exercise on a default within the
meaning of standard condition 9(1)(a).
(1A) Subsection (1) above does not apply in relation to a creditor in a standard
security over land or a real right in land used to any extent for residential purposes.
(1B) A creditor in a standard security of that kind may, where the debtor is in default
within the meaning of paragraph (a), (b) or (c) of standard condition 9(1), apply to
the court for warrant to exercise any of the remedies which the creditor is entitled to
exercise on a default within the meaning of standard condition 9(1)(a).
...
(5) The court may, on an application under subsection (1B) above, continue the
proceedings or make any other order that it thinks fit; but it may not grant the
application unless it is satisfied that--
7
(a) the creditor has complied with subsection (1C) above; and
(b) it is reasonable in the circumstances of the case to do so.
...
25 Exercise of power of sale.
A creditor in a standard security having right to sell the security subjects may ...
exercise that right either by private bargain or by exposure to sale, and in either
event it shall be the duty of the creditor to advertise the sale and to take all
reasonable steps to ensure that the price at which all or any of the subjects are sold is
the best that can be reasonably obtained."
Procedure before the sheriff
[10]
On 20 May 2022 the sheriff assigned 21 July 2022 for a debate on the res judicata plea.
At the debate the plea was repelled and the sheriff assigned 4 October 2022 as a further diet
of debate on the relevancy pleas. He allowed 21 days for the first defender to adjust his
pleadings, 14 days for the pursuers to respond, and a further 7 days for both parties to make
final adjustments. He ordered that notes of argument were to be lodged no later than 7 days
before the diet. The first defender sought leave to appeal the interlocutor of 21 July 2022.
He also moved to sist the cause. On 2 September 2022 the sheriff refused both motions. He
allowed further adjustment of the pleadings until 27 September 2022. On 30 September
2022, at the first respondent's request, the sheriff discharged the diet of debate assigned for
4 October 2022 (on the basis that the first defender had another court case in Edinburgh the
same day) and assigned 29 November 2022 as a fresh diet of debate. On 23 November 2022
the sheriff refused a further motion by the first defender to sist the cause. In his Note
prepared following the debate on 29 November 2022 the sheriff says that at the hearing on
23 November he advised the parties that if they proposed to refer to any documentation at
the debate hard copies should be brought to court because the IT facilities in some
8
courtrooms were "of limited assistance". There was some discussion of the possibility of the
first defender wishing to alter his pleadings. The sheriff explains:
"I advised the [first defender] that if it was his intention to adjust his pleadings
further then it would require to be dealt with in a formal fashion, as the time to
adjust ... had long expired. At no time did I suggest that any adjustment would be
allowed."
[11]
On the afternoon of 28 November 2022 the first defender emailed to the sheriff clerk
a document headed "Note of Adjustments", an Inventory of Productions, and written
submissions. These were uploaded to ICMS before the debate. The first defender did not
provide the sheriff with hard copies of any of these documents at the debate. Most of the
"Note of Adjustments" concerned an expansion of the averments in Answer 3 that the
pursuers had failed to comply with their s 25 obligation when selling properties secured
under further standard securities. In relation to some properties, there were more specific
averments of the respects in which it was averred that there had been non-performance with
that obligation. The Inventory of Productions contained, inter alia, some documents referred
to in those averments. The written submissions were to the effect that the court required to
be satisfied that it is reasonable in the circumstances to grant the remedies sought (1970 Act,
s 24(5)). The first defender had averred that it was not reasonable to do that because the
pursuers had breached their s 25 obligations when they sold other security subjects. That
was not an issue which could be resolved at debate. A proof before answer would be
required.
[12]
At the debate the first defender moved that he be allowed to lodge the "Note of
Adjustments" and the Inventory of Productions. The pursuers opposed those motions. The
sheriff refused the motions on the grounds that the proposed adjustments and additional
productions came too late before the debate and appeared to be of questionable relevance to
9
the issues which required to be determined at the debate. The debate proceeded. The
sheriff described how it ended:
"In the course of the debate I sought to discuss with the [first defender] certain
submissions advanced by the [pursuers'] agent. In particular submissions
concerning the reasonableness of the orders sought. The [first defender] responded
to my enquiry inappropriately. He reacted hysterically. He started to shout and
swear at me and at the [pursuers'] agent. He began a tirade littered with profanities
and accusations. He accused me of being corrupt. He accused me of racism. He
threatened repeatedly to `torch' the subjects. He demanded that I call the police to
attend the courtroom and have him arrested in order that he could put me in the
witness box and examine me. His behaviour lasted some minutes before he left the
room. The enquiries I made of the appellant were polite, and could in no way be
construed as hostile or unreasonable. In my opinion they were necessary in order to
progress the diet of debate."
The pursuers moved for decree by default on the basis that the first defender had
deliberately absented himself from a peremptory diet. The sheriff granted decree. In doing
so he had regard to the deliberate absence and the background of repeated motions on the
first defender's part to delay the proceedings and his stated determination in
correspondence to delay them. The pursuers moved for immediate extract, which the sheriff
granted because of the first defender's threats to "torch" the security subjects. On further
reflection the sheriff acknowledged that he ought not to have granted immediate extract, but
should instead have invited the pursuers to intimate their motion to the first defender to
allow him to make representations.
The appeal to the Sheriff Appeal Court
[13]
The first defender appealed to the Sheriff Appeal Court. The grounds of appeal
blamed the sheriff for the first defender's conduct and departure and contended that the
sheriff had erred in law in treating the first defender as being in default. Alternatively, if the
first defender had been in default, the sheriff had erred in granting decree by default. No
10
reasonable sheriff would have done so in the circumstances. The sheriff had also erred in
law in granting immediate extract without first giving the first defender the opportunity to
make representations about that.
[14]
On 12 May 2023 the Sheriff Appeal Court refused the appeal. It held that the sheriff
was entitled to treat the first defender as being in default and to grant decree by default.
The circumstances were not dissimilar to those in Bridging Loans Limited v Hutton
[2018] CSIH 63, 2018 Hous LR 83. Nevertheless, the court considered whether in the whole
circumstances the interests of justice required that the decree should be recalled. It
concluded that they did not. In that regard the court observed:
"[20] ... I accept the description by the sheriff of the behaviour at the diet of debate
coming against the background of repeated and unjustified motions to delay the
process and a stated commitment to do so ... It is not in the interests of justice to
allow a further delay occasioned entirely by Mr Aslam's wilful and unacceptable
behaviour."
It was common ground before the Sheriff Appeal Court that the sheriff had been wrong to
grant immediate extract. However since by the time of the appeal the first defender had had
ample notice, the court held that immediate extract could now be granted.
The application for permission to appeal
[15]
Section 113 of the Courts Reform (Scotland) Act 2014 provides:
"113 Appeal from the Sheriff Appeal Court to the Court of Session
(1) An appeal may be taken to the Court of Session against a decision of the Sheriff
Appeal Court constituting final judgment in civil proceedings, but only--
(a) with the permission of the Sheriff Appeal Court, or
(b) if that Court has refused permission, with the permission of the Court of
Session.
11
(2) The Sheriff Appeal Court or the Court of Session may grant permission under
subsection (1) only if the Court considers that--
(a) the appeal would raise an important point of principle or practice, or
(b) there is some other compelling reason for the Court of Session to hear the
appeal.
..."
The first defender's application to the Sheriff Appeal Court for permission to appeal was
refused on 5 July 2023. The first defender then applied to this court for permission to
appeal.
[16]
The first defender submitted that there were two grounds of appeal which would
raise important points of principle or practice. In the event that it was not accepted that the
first ground raised such a point, it provided some other compelling reason for the Court of
Session to hear the appeal.
[17]
The first ground was that the root cause of the first defender's behaviour at, and
departure from, the hearing had been the sheriff's failure to manage the hearing properly.
A consequence was that the sheriff had an interest to protect his reputation, which had been
undermined. It was plain from the terms of his Note that he had been improperly
influenced by that. The Note was self-justifying and confused. It did not adequately explain
his reasons. It contained an "untruth": viz. it stated that the first defender had made
repeated applications to sist the cause before the application to sist of 23 November, when in
fact there had only been one such application before that date. The Note did not summarise
fairly what had taken place at the hearings of 23 and 29 November it was "not reliable".
At the hearing of 23 November there had been "an implied invitation" by the sheriff to the
first defender to further adjust his pleadings. That was why his refusal to allow the
adjustments had perplexed and annoyed the first defender. It had been wrong of the sheriff
12
to have regard to what the first defender was alleged to have said in correspondence, and it
had been wrong of him to grant immediate extract. In the circumstances he ought to have
recused himself when the motion for decree by default was made. The Sheriff Appeal Court
had erred in law in failing to recognise that. This ground raised an important point of
principle or practice because "the integrity of the judicial system" was at stake.
[18]
The second ground was that the sheriff, and in turn the Sheriff Appeal Court, had
erred in law in failing to consider whether it would be reasonable in the whole
circumstances for decree by default to be granted. Section 24(5) of the 1970 Act applied even
where a party was in default. It had still been necessary for the sheriff to consider whether it
was reasonable in all the circumstances to grant decree. There was no indication in his Note
that the sheriff did that. The failure was an error of law, and the Sheriff Appeal Court erred
in law in failing to recognise that. The Sheriff Appeal Court's reliance on Bridging Loans
Limited v Hutton was misguided. The case was distinguishable because it could be inferred
that the sheriff there had been satisfied of the reasonableness of making the orders before the
defender's default occurred. If it was not distinguishable and if it was authority for the
proposition that s 24(5) was not applicable where a motion for decree by default was made,
it had been wrongly decided. There was doubt as to the correctness of the decision in
Bridging Loans and as to whether or not s 24(5) applied where a defender was in default.
Those were important points of principle or practice which this ground of appeal raised.
[19]
The pursuers submitted that permission to appeal should be refused. The first
defender, not the sheriff, was to blame for what occurred. There was no reason for the
sheriff to recuse himself. Nor were any of the other criticisms of the sheriff well-founded.
The decisions which the sheriff had made at the hearing on 29 November had all been
decisions which he had been entitled to make in the exercise of his discretion. He had not
13
erred in law in making them (apart from the procedural irregularity of granting immediate
extract without giving the first defender the opportunity to make representations in relation
to that matter). The sheriff had been entitled to grant decree by default. It was incorrect to
suggest that he did not have in mind the s 24(5) requirement to be satisfied that it was
reasonable to grant decree in the circumstances. The first defender had averred that the
reason it would not be reasonable to grant decree was that the pursuers had failed to comply
with their s 25 obligations when they sold other subjects. The pursuers had averred that
they had complied with their statutory obligations and had set out in considerable detail the
steps which they took in relation to each sale. The sheriff had been entitled to be, and was,
satisfied on the basis of those averments and the productions that the s 24(5) requirement
was met. The Sheriff Appeal Court had been right to refuse the appeal. It had not erred in
law in placing reliance upon Bridging Loans Limited v Hutton or in any other respect. The
grounds of appeal were not arguable. More importantly, neither of them raised an
important point of principle or practice, and there was not some other compelling reason for
the Court of Session to hear the appeal.
Decision and reasons
[20]
The requirements of s 113(2) are not satisfied.
[21]
The first ground of appeal does not raise an important point of principle or practice.
The law in relation to the need for a judge to be impartial, and to appear impartial to the
objective informed observer, is not in doubt. The first defender blames the sheriff for his
outburst and his departure from the hearing. The sheriff and the Sheriff Appeal Court
disagree.
14
[22]
Nor does the first ground give rise to some other compelling reason for the Court of
Session to hear the appeal. This is not a case where it can be said that the Sheriff Appeal
Court was plainly wrong. On the contrary, the ground of appeal has no real prospects of
success, for the following reasons.
[23]
The first defender's substantial proposed "Note of Adjustments" and his Inventory
of Productions were intimated to the court and to the pursuers the day before the hearing on
29 November 2022. Their receipt was opposed by the pursuers. The sheriff was entitled to
exercise his discretion in the way which he did to refuse to allow them to be received. The
first defender was entirely responsible for what occurred at the hearing. The sheriff was not
to blame for the first defender's deplorable behaviour, or his departure from the hearing.
Nothing which the sheriff said or did before the departure caused or justified the first
defender's actions. Only by taking a skewed view of the facts may it be argued otherwise.
[24]
There was no good reason for the sheriff to recuse himself from further involvement
in the case after the first defender's outburst and departure. It is important to stress that the
issue which the sheriff had to decide was not whether the first defender's outburst was a
contempt of court. Had it been he could not have adjudicated upon it, because the alleged
contempt would have been in facie curiae (in the face of the court), and it would have been
directed at the sheriff personally as well as at the administration of justice (Robertson v
Gough 2008 JC 146, at [79] and [85]; Macphail's Sheriff Court Practice (4th ed.), paragraphs 2.30
to 2.32). What the sheriff had to decide was much more straightforward - whether the first
defender's departure from a peremptory diet was a default and whether decree by default
should be granted. The sheriff remained calm and composed during the first defender's
outburst and departure. There is nothing to indicate that he was motivated by an impulse of
reprisal. Nor, in the whole circumstances, would a fair-minded and impartial observer,
15
aware of the judicial oath, doubt the sheriff's impartiality. It was the sheriff's duty to
continue to preside over the hearing and deal with the pursuers' motion for decree by
default. The proposition that he erred in law in not recusing himself, and that the Sheriff
Appeal Court erred in law in not recognising that, is ill-founded.
[25]
In any case, the Sheriff Appeal Court was undoubtedly impartial. It recognised
(para [20] of its Opinion) that it required to consider the whole circumstances of the case for
itself to determine whether the interests of justice indicated that the decree should be
recalled. It did that and it concluded that the decree should not be recalled. That was a
view it was entitled to reach. The first defender suggests that that conclusion was fatally
flawed because it proceeded on the erroneous assumption that there had been three
unsuccessful attempts to sist the cause by the first defender when in fact there had only been
two. There was a mistake by the sheriff when he referred to there being two unsuccessful
attempts to sist prior to the motion of 23 November 2022: but it was no more than a slip.
The Sheriff Appeal Court repeated the mistake. However, in neither case was the error
material. It did not undermine the substance of either court's observations about the first
defender's attempts to delay the proceedings and his statements in correspondence
indicating an intention to obstruct and protract enforcement proceedings. The first
defender's description of this slip as "an untruth" was wholly inappropriate. The
suggestion that its consequence ought to be that everything the sheriff said should be
rejected is extravagant and absurd.
[26]
I turn to the second ground of appeal. It is erroneous to suggest that Bridging Loans
Limited v Hutton is authority for the proposition that s 24(5) does not apply in the context of
a motion for decree by default. On the contrary, it is clear from this court's Opinion in that
case that the sheriff (para [6]) and the Sheriff Appeal Court (para [7]) were both satisfied that
16
it was reasonable in all the circumstance for decree to be granted. The Sheriff Appeal Court
in the present case did not err in following the guidance in Bridging Loans. The correctness
of that decision is not in doubt. Nor is it in doubt that s 24(5) applies even where a defender
is in default. It follows that the second ground of appeal does not raise an important point
of principle or practice.
[27]
While that is sufficient to dispose of the application it is right to add that, even if the
second ground had raised an important point of principle or practice, it would have had no
real prospect of success. The sheriff was well aware of the import of s 24(5). The suggestion
that he ignored it is untenable. Just before the first defender began his tirade the sheriff had
been exploring the issue of reasonableness with him. The pursuers averred (Article 3) that
the prices obtained for the properties had been the best which could be achieved by them in
the market at the relevant times; that the properties were advertised and were sold on the
open market; that they obtained valuations from surveyors; and that they followed all
advice given to them by their surveyors and their marketing agents. They set out in some
detail the steps they had taken in relation to each of those sales, the valuations they had
obtained, and the sales prices achieved. They further averred that they had complied with
their whole obligations under the 1970 Act, and that in all the circumstances it was
reasonable to grant the orders sought. When the motion for decree by default was made the
sheriff was entitled to proceed on the basis of what the pursuers averred about
reasonableness. It may reasonably be inferred that that is what he did. In the grounds of
appeal to the Sheriff Appeal Court the s 24(5) reasonableness issue was mentioned only
incidentally (in ground 2.5 as part of a criticism that the sheriff appeared to treat the debate
as if it were an evidential hearing). The summary of the first defender's submissions in the
Sheriff Appeal Court's Opinion does not suggest that the ground now advanced was
17
founded upon before that court, which would explain the absence of specific reference to it
in the court's reasoning. The Sheriff Appeal Court determined that the sheriff was entitled
to exercise his discretion in the way which he did in all the circumstances - which
circumstances included the pursuers' averments about reasonableness. Moreover, the
Sheriff Appeal Court went on to consider for itself whether in all the circumstances the
decree should be recalled, and it decided that recall would not be in the interests of justice.
It was well aware of the terms of s 24(5) and the terms of the pleadings.
[28]
The application is refused.
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