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United Kingdom Statutory Instruments |
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You are here: BAILII >> Databases >> United Kingdom Statutory Instruments >> The Carriage by Air Acts (Application of Provisions) (Overseas Territories) Order 1967 No. 810 URL: http://www.bailii.org/uk/legis/num_reg/1967/uksi_1967810_en.html |
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Statutory Instruments
CIVIL AVIATION
Laid before Parliament in draft
Made
24th May 1967
Coming into Operation
1st June 1967
At the Court at Buckingham Palace, the 24th day of May 1967
Present,
The Queen's Most Excellent Majesty in Council
Whereas a draft of the following Order has been laid before Parliament and approved by resolution of each House of Parliament:
Now, therefore, Her Majesty, by virtue and in exercise of the powers conferred on Her by sections 9and 10 of the Carriage by Air Act 1961 and section 5 of the Carriage by Air (Supplementary Provisions) Act 1962, is pleased, by and with the advice of Her Privy Council, to order, and it is hereby ordered, as follows:-
1. This Order may be cited as the Carriage by Air Acts (Application of Provisions) (Overseas Territories) Order 1967 and shall come into operation on 1st June 1967.
2.-(1) In this Order, unless the context otherwise requires-
"The Act of 1961" means
"The Act of 1962" means
"The amended Convention" means
"Governor of an Overseas Territory" means
"The Guadalajara Convention" means
"Overseas Territory" means
"The Warsaw Convention" means
(2) The Interpretation Act 1889 shall apply, with the necessary adaptations, for the purpose of interpreting this Order and otherwise in relation thereto as it applies for the purpose of interpreting and in relation to Acts of Parliament of the United Kingdom.
3. This Order shall apply to all carriage by air, not being carriage to which the amended Convention applies.
4. Schedule 2 to this Order shall have effect in respect of carriage to which this Order applies, being either-
(a)carriage which is not international carriage as defined in schedule 4 to this Order, or
(b)carriage of mail or postal packages.
5.-(1) Schedule 4 to this Order shall have effect in respect of carriage to which this Order applies, being carriage which is international carriage as defined in that schedule.
(2) Sections 2 and 8 of the Act of 1961, adapted and modified in the form set out in schedule 3 to this Order, shall apply to such carriage as aforesaid.
6. The Governor of an Overseas Territory may by writing under his hand direct that, in relation to that Territory, any carriage or class of carriage, or any person or class of person shall be exempted from any of the requirements imposed by this Order, and any such direction may be expressed to be, and if so expressed shall take effect, subject to any conditions or limitations which in the circumstances of the case appear to the Governor to be required.
7. Sections 3, 4 and 5 of the Act of 1961 and subsections (1) and (2) of section 3 of the Act of 1962, adapted and modified in the form as set out in schedule 1 to this Order, shall apply to carriage by air to which this Order applies, and any reference in the said subsections (1) and (2) of section 3 of the Act of 1962 to the Act of 1961 shall be construed as a reference to that Act as so adapted and modified.
8.-(1) (a) This Order shall apply to gratuitous carriage by the Crown as it applies to carriage by the Crown for reward, and
(b)the Acts of 1961 and 1962, as adapted and modified by the provisions of the Carriage by Air (Overseas Territories) Order 1967 (1) and extended to the territories therein mentioned, shall apply to gratuitous carriage by the Crown as they apply by virtue of that Order, to carriage by the Crown for reward:
(2) References in this section to the Crown shall be construed as including references to the Crown in respect of the government of an Overseas Territory.
9. This Order shall apply to the territories mentioned in schedule 5 to this Order.
10. The following Orders are revoked in so far as they apply as part of the law of the territories mentioned in schedule 5 to this Order:-
The Carriage by Air (Non-international Carriage) (Colonies, Protectorates and Trust Territories) Order 1953(2);
The Carriage by Air (Non-international Carriage) (Colonies, Protectorates and Trust Territories) (Amendment) Order 1955(3)and
The Carriage by Air (Non-international Carriage) (Colonies, Protectorates and Trust Territories) (Amendment) Order 1961(4)
W. G. Agnew
Article 7
3. Any liability imposed by Article 17 in Part I of schedule 2 and in Part I of schedule 4 to this Order on a carrier in respect of the death of a passenger shall be in substitution of any liability of the carrier in respect of the death of that passenger either under any enactment or at common law and the provisions set out in the Annex to this Part of this schedule shall have effect with respect to the persons by and for whose benefit the liability so imposed is enforceable and with respect to the manner in which it may be enforced.
4.-(1) It is hereby declared that the limitations on liability in Article 22 in Part I of schedule 2 and in Part I of schedule 4 to this Order apply whatever the nature of the proceedings by which liability may be enforced and that, in particular-
(a)those limitations apply where proceedings are brought by a tortfeasor to obtain a contribution from another tortfeasor, and
(b)the limitation for each passenger in paragraph (1) of the said Article 22 applies to the aggregate liability of the carrier in all proceedings which may be brought against him under the law of an Overseas Territory, together with any proceedings brought against him outside the Overseas Territory.
(2) A court before which proceedings are brought to enforce a liability which is limited by the said Article 22 may at any stage of the proceedings make any such order as appears to the court to be just and equitable in view of the provisions of the said Article 22, and of any other proceedings which have been, or are likely to be, commenced in an Overseas Territory or elsewhere to enforce the liability in whole or in part.
(3) Without prejudice to the last foregoing subsection, a court before which proceedings are brought to enforce a liability which is limited by the said Article 22 shall, where the liability is, or may be, partly enforceable in other proceedings in an Overseas Territory or elsewhere, have jurisdiction to award an amount less than the court would have awarded if the limitation applied solely to the proceedings before the court, or to make any part of its award conditional on the result of any other proceedings.
(4) The Governor of an Overseas Territory may, in such manner as he may think fit, from time to time specify the respective amounts which for the purpose of the said Article 22, and in particular of paragraph (5) or (4) of that Article, as the case may be, are to be taken as equivalent to the sums expressed in francs which are mentioned in that Article.
(5) References in this section to the said Article 22 include, subject to any necessary modifications, references to that Article as applied by Article 25A.
5.-(1) No action against a carrier's servant or agent which arises out of damage to which the amended Convention as applied by this Order relates shall, if he was acting within the scope of his employment, be brought after more than two years, reckoned from the date of arrival at the destination or from the date on which the aircraft ought to have arrived, or from the date on which the carriage stopped.
(2) Article 29 in Part I of schedule 2 and in Part I of schedule 4 to this Order shall not be read as applying to any proceedings for contribution between tortfeasors, but no action shall be brought by a tortfeasor to obtain a contribution from a carrier in respect of a tort to which the said Article 29 applies after the expiration of two years from the time when judgment is obtained against the person seeking to obtain the contribution.
(3) The foregoing provisions of this section and the provisions of the said Article 29 shall have effect as if references in those provisions to an action included references to an arbitration.
1.-(1) The liability shall be enforceable for the benefit of such of the members of the passenger's family as sustained damage by reason of his death.
(2) For the purposes of this paragraph the following shall be taken to be the members of the passenger's family, that is to say, the passenger's wife or husband, parents, grandparents, children and grandchildren and any person who is, or is the issue of, a brother, sister, uncle or aunt of the passenger.
(3) In deducing any relationship for the purposes of this paragraph-
(a)an adopted person shall be treated as the child of the person or persons by whom he was adopted and not as the child of any other person; and, subject thereto,
(b)any relationship by affinity shall be treated as a relationship by consanguinity, any relationship of the half blood as a relationship of the whole blood, and the step-child of any person as his child; and
(c)an illegitimate person shall be treated as a legitimate child of his mother and reputed father.
2. Subject to the provisions of this schedule, an action to enforce the liability may be brought by the personal representative of the passenger or by any person for whose benefit the liability is under the last preceding paragraph enforceable but only one action shall be brought in respect of the death of any one passenger and every such action by whomsoever brought shall be for the benefit of all such persons so entitled as aforesaid as either are domiciled in the Overseas Territory or, not being domiciled there, express a desire to take the benefit of this action.
3. Subject to the provisions of this schedule, the amount recovered in any such action, after deducting any costs not recoverable from the defendant, shall be divided between the persons entitled in such proportions as the court (or, where the action is tried with a jury, the jury) direct.
3.-(1) In paragraph (a) of subsection (1) and in subsections (2) and (3) of section 4 of the Act of 1961 (which explain the limitations on liability in Article 22 in the First Schedule to that Act and enable a court to make appropriate orders and awards to give effect to those limitations) references to the said Article 22 shall include, subject to any necessary modifications, references to Article VI in Part II of schedule 2 and Part II of schedule 4 to this Order.
(2) In section 5 of the Act of 1961 (which limits the time for bringing proceedings against a carrier's servant or agent and to obtain contribution from a carrier) references to a carrier include references to an actual carrier as defined in paragraph (c) of Article 1 in Part II of schedule 2 and Part II of schedule 4 to this Order.
Article 4
The amended Convention as adapted and modified in the form hereinafter set out shall apply in respect of the carriage described in Article 4 of this Order:-
Article 1.-(1) This schedule applies to all carriage of persons, baggage or cargo performed by aircraft for reward. It applies equally to gratuitous carriage by aircraft performed by an air transport undertaking.
Article 2.-(1) This schedule applies to carriage performed by the State or by legally constituted public bodies provided it falls within the conditions laid down in Article 1.
Article 17. The carrier is liable for damage sustained in the event of the death or wounding of a passenger or any other bodily injury suffered by a passenger, if the accident which caused the damage so sustained took place on board the aircraft or in the course of any of the operations of embarking or disembarking.
Article 18.-(1) The carrier is liable for damage sustained in the event of the destruction or loss of, or of damage to, any registered baggage or any cargo, if the occurrence which caused the damage so sustained took place during the carriage by air.
(2) The carriage by air within the meaning of the preceding paragraph comprises the period during which the baggage or cargo is in charge of the carrier, whether in an aerodrome or on board an aircraft, or, in the case of a landing outside an aerodrome, in any place whatsoever.
(3) The period of the carriage by air does not extend to any carriage by land, by sea or by river performed outside an aerodrome. If, however, such a carriage takes place in the performance of a contract for carriage by air, for the purpose of loading, delivery or transshipment, any damage is presumed, subject to proof to the contrary, to have been the result of an event which took place during the carriage by air.
Article 19. The carrier is liable for damage occasioned by delay in the carriage by air of passengers, baggage or cargo.
Article 20. The carrier is not liable if he proves that he and his servants or agents have taken all necessary measures to avoid the damage or that it was impossible for him or them to take such measures.
Article 21. If the carrier proves that the damage was caused by or contributed to by the negligence of the injured person the court may, in accordance with the provisions of its own law, exonerate the carrier wholly or partly from his liability.
Article 22.-(1) In the carriage of persons the liability of the carrier for each passenger is limited to the sum of eight hundred and seventy-five thousand francs. Where, in accordance with the law of the court seised of the case, damages may be awarded in the form of periodical payments the equivalent capital value of the said payments shall not exceed eight hundred and seventy-five thousand francs. Nevertheless, by special contract, the carrier and the passenger may agree to a higher limit of liability.
(2) (a) In the carriage of registered baggage and of cargo, the liability of the carrier is limited to a sum of two hundred and fifty francs per kilogramme, unless the passenger or consignor has made, at the time when the package was handed over to the carrier, a special declaration of interest in delivery at destination and has paid a supplementary sum if the case so requires. In that case the carrier will be liable to pay a sum not exceeding the declared sum, unless he proves that that sum is greater than the passenger's or consignor's actual interest in delivery at destination.
(b)In the case of loss, damage or delay of part of registered baggage or cargo, or of any object contained therein, the weight to be taken into consideration in determining the amount to which the carrier's liability is limited shall be only the total weight of the package or packages concerned. Nevertheless, when the loss, damage or delay of a part of the registered baggage or cargo, or of an object contained therein, affects the value of other packages covered by the same baggage check or the same air waybill, the total weight of such package or packages shall also be taken into consideration in determining the limit of liability.
(3) As regards objects of which the passenger takes charge himself the liability of the carrier is limited to five thousand francs per passenger.
(4) The limits prescribed in this Article shall not prevent the court from awarding, in accordance with its own law, in addition, the whole or part of the court costs and of the other expenses of the litigation incurred by the plaintiff. The foregoing provision shall not apply if the amount of the damages awarded, excluding court costs and other expenses of the litigation, does not exceed the sum which the carrier has offered in writing to the plaintiff within a period of six months from the date of the occurrence causing the damage, or before the commencement of the action, if that is later.
(5) The sums mentioned in francs in this Article shall be deemed to refer to a currency unit consisting of sixty-five and a half milligrammes of gold of millesimal fineness nine hundred. These sums may be converted into national currencies in round figures. Conversion of the sums into national currencies other than gold shall, in case of judicial proceedings, be made according to the gold value of such currencies at the date of the judgment.
Article 23.-(1) Any provision tending to relieve the carrier of liability or to fix a lower limit than that which is laid down in this schedule shall be null and void, but the nullity of any such provision does not involve the nullity of the whole contract, which shall remain subject to the provisions of this schedule.
(2) Paragraph (1) of this Article shall not apply to provisions governing loss or damage resulting from the inherent defect, quality or vice of the cargo carried.
Article 24.-(1) In the cases covered by Articles 18 and 19 any action for damages, however founded, can only be brought subject to the conditions and limits set out in this schedule.
(2) In the cases covered by Article 17 the provisions of the preceding paragraph also apply, without prejudice to the questions as to who are the persons who have the right to bring suit and what are their respective rights.
Article 25. The limits of liability specified in Article 22 shall not apply if it is proved that the damage resulted from an act or omission of the carrier, his servants or agents, done with intent to cause damage or recklessly and with knowledge that damage would probably result;
Article 25A.-(1) If an action is brought against a servant or agent of the carrier arising out of damage to which this schedule relates, such servant or agent, if he proves that he acted within the scope of his employment, shall be entitled to avail himself of the limits of liability which that carrier himself is entitled to invoke under Article 22.
(2) The aggregate of the amounts recoverable from the carrier, his servants and agents, in that case, shall not exceed the said limits.
(3) The provisions of paragraphs (1) and (2) of this Article shall not apply if it is proved that the damage resulted from an act or omission of the servant or agent done with intent to cause damage or recklessly and with knowledge that damage would probably result.
Article 26.-(1) Receipt by the person entitled to delivery of baggage or cargo without complaint is prima facie evidence that the same has been delivered in good condition.
(2) In the case of damage, the person entitled to delivery must complain to the carrier forthwith after the discovery of the damage, and, at the latest, within seven days from the date of receipt in the case of baggage and fourteen days from the date of receipt in the case of cargo. In the case of delay the complaint must be made at the latest within twenty-one days from the date on which the baggage or cargo have been placed at his disposal.
(3) Every complaint must be made in writing despatched within the times aforesaid.
(4) Failing complaint within the times aforesaid, no action shall lie against the carrier, save in the case of fraud on his part.
Article 27. In the case of the death of the person liable, an action for damages lies in accordance with the terms of this schedule against those legally representing his estate.
Article 29.-(1) The right to damages shall be extinguished if an action is not brought within two years, reckoned from the date of arrival at the destination, or from the date on which the aircraft ought to have arrived, or from the date on which the carriage stopped.
(2) The method of calculating the period of limitation shall be determined by the law of the court seised of the case.
Article 30.-(1) In the case of carriage to be performed by various successive carriers, each carrier who accepts passengers, baggage or cargo is subjected to the rules set out in this schedule, and is deemed to be one of the contracting parties to the contract of carriage in so far as the contract deals with that part of the carriage which is performed under his supervision.
(2) In the case of carriage of this nature, the passenger or his representative can take action only against the carrier who performed the carriage during which the accident or the delay occurred, save in the case where, by express agreement, the first carrier has assumed liability for the whole journey.
(3) As regards baggage or cargo, the passenger or consignor will have a right of action against the first carrier, and the passenger or consignee who is entitled to delivery will have a right of action against the last carrier, and further, each may take action against the carrier who performed the carriage during which the destruction, loss, damage or delay took place. These carriers will be jointly and severally liable to the passenger or to the consignor or consignee.
Article 31.-(1) In the case of combined carriage performed partly by air and partly by any other mode of carriage, the provisions of this schedule apply only to the carriage by air, provided that the carriage by air falls within the terms of Article 1.
(2) Nothing in this schedule shall prevent the parties in the case of combined carriage from inserting in the document of air carriage conditions relating to other modes of carriage, provided that the provisions of this schedule are observed as regards the carriage by air.
Article 32. Any clause contained in the contract and all special agreements entered into before the damage occurred by which the parties purport to infringe the rules laid down by this schedule, whether by deciding the law to be applied, or by altering the rules as to jurisdiction, shall be null and void. Nevertheless for the carriage of cargo arbitration clauses are allowed, subject to this schedule.
Article 33. Nothing contained in this schedule shall prevent the carrier either from refusing to enter into any contract of carriage, or from making regulations which do not conflict with the provisions of this schedule.
Article 35. The expression "days" when used in this schedule means
The Guadalajara Convention as adapted and modified in the form hereinafter set out shall apply in respect of the carriage described in Article 4 of this Order:-
In the Guadalajara Convention as applied by this schedule
(a)"The Warsaw Convention" means
(b)"contracting carrier" means
(c)"actual carrier" means
If an actual carrier performs the whole or part of carriage which is governed by the Warsaw Convention, both the contracting carrier and the actual carrier shall, except as otherwise provided in the Guadalajara Convention as applied by this schedule, be subject to the rules of the Warsaw Convention , the former for the whole of the carriage contemplated in the agreement, the latter solely for the carriage which he performs.
1. The acts and omissions of the actual carrier and of his servants and agents acting within the scope of their employment shall, in relation to the carriage performed by the actual carrier, be deemed to be also those of the contracting carrier.
2. The acts and omissions of the contracting carrier and of the servants and agents acting within the scope of their employment shall, in relation to the carriage performed by the actual carrier, be deemed to be also those of the actual carrier. Nevertheless, no such act or omission shall subject the actual carrier to liability exceeding the limits specified in Article 22 of the Warsaw Convention. Any special agreement under which the contracting carrier assumes obligations not imposed by the Warsaw Convention or any waiver of rights conferred thereby or any special declaration of interest in delivery at destination contemplated in Article 22 thereof, shall not affect the actual carrier unless agreed to by him.
Any complaint to be made under the Warsaw Convention to the carrier shall have the same effect whether addressed to the contracting carrier or to the actual carrier.
In relation to the carriage performed by the actual carrier, any servant or agent of that carrier or of the contracting carrier shall, if he proves that he acted within the scope of his employment, be entitled to avail himself of the limits of liability which are applicable under the Guadalajara Convention as applied by this schedule to the carrier whose servant or agent he is unless it is proved that he acted in a manner which, under the Warsaw Convention, prevents the limits of liability from being invoked.
In relation to the carriage performed by the actual carrier, the aggregate of the amounts recoverable from that carrier and the contracting carrier, and from their servants and agents acting within the scope of their employment, shall not exceed the highest amount which could be awarded against either the contracting carrier or the actual carrier under the Guadalajara Convention as applied by this schedule, but none of the persons mentioned shall be liable for a sum in excess of the limit applicable to him.
In relation to the carriage performed by the actual carrier, an action for damages may be brought, at the option of the plaintiff, against that carrier or the contracting carrier, or against both together or separately.
1. Any contractual provision tending to relieve the contracting carrier or the actual carrier of liability under the Guadalajara Convention as applied by this schedule or to fix a lower limit than that which is applicable according to the Guadalajara Convention as applied by this schedule shall be null and void, but the nullity of any such provision does not involve the nullity of the whole agreement, which shall remain subject to the provisions of the Guadalajara Convention as applied by this schedule.
2. In respect of the carriage performed by the actual carrier, the preceding paragraph shall not apply to contractual provisions governing loss or damage resulting from the inherent defect, quality or vice of the cargo carried.
3. Any clause contained in an agreement for carriage and all special agreements entered into before the damage occurred by which the parties purport to infringe the rules laid down by the Guadalajara Convention as applied by this schedule, whether by deciding the law to be applied, or by altering the rules as to jurisdiction, shall be null and void. Nevertheless, for the carriage of cargo arbitration clauses are allowed, subject to the said Convention as applied by this schedule.
Nothing in the Guadalajara Convention as applied by this schedule shall affect the rights and obligations of the two carriers between themselves.
Nothing herein contained shall impose any liability on the Postmaster General in the United Kingdom or on any postal authority exercising comparable powers in relation to an Overseas Territory.
Article 5(2)
2.-(1) Her Majesty may by Order in Council from time to time certify who are the High Contracting Parties to the Warsaw Convention, in respect of what territories they are respectively parties and to what extent they have availed themselves of the provisions of the Additional Protocol to the Warsaw Convention.
(3) An Order in Council under this section shall, except so far as it has been superseded by a subsequent Order, be conclusive evidence of the matters so certified.
8. Every High Contracting Party to the Warsaw Convention who has not availed himself of the provisions of the Additional Protocol at the end of the Convention shall, for the purposes of any action brought in a court in an Overseas Territory in accordance with the provisions of Article 28 in Part I of schedule 4 to this Order to enforce a claim in respect of carriage undertaken by him, be deemed to have submitted to the jurisdiction of that court, and accordingly rules of court may provide for the manner in which any such action is to be commenced and carried on; but nothing in this section shall authorise the issue of execution against the property of any High Contracting Party.
Article 5(1)
1. The amended Convention and the Guadalajara Convention as adapted and modified in the forms set out, respectively, in Part I and Part II of this schedule shall apply in respect of carriage which is "international carriage"
2. For the purposes of Article 5 of this Order and of this schedule "international carriage"
Article 1.-(1) This schedule applies to all international carriage of persons, baggage or cargo performed by aircraft for reward. It applies equally to gratuitous carriage by aircraft performed by an air transport undertaking.
(2) "International carriage" means
(3) A carriage to be performed by several successive air carriers is deemed, for the purposes of this schedule, to be one undivided carriage, if it has been regarded by the parties as a single operation, whether it had been agreed upon under the form of a single contract or of a series of contracts, and it does not lose its international character merely because one contract or a series of contracts is to be performed entirely within a territory subject to the sovereignty, suzerainty, mandate or authority of the same State Party.
Article 2.-(1) This schedule applies to carriage performed by the State, not being a State which has availed itself of the Additional Protocol to the Warsaw Convention, or by legally constituted public bodies provided it falls within the conditions laid down in Article 1.
(2) This schedule does not apply to carriage performed under the terms of any international postal Convention.
Article 3.-(1) For the carriage of passengers the carrier must deliver a passenger ticket which shall contain the following particulars:-
(a)the place and date of issue;
(b)the place of departure and of destination;
(c)the agreed stopping places, provided that the carrier may reserve the right to alter the stopping places in case of necessity, and that if he exercises that right, the alteration shall not have the effect of depriving the carriage of its international character;
(d)the name and address of the carrier or carriers;
(e)a statement that the carriage is subject to the rules relating to liability established by the Warsaw Convention.
(2) The absence, irregularity or loss of the passenger ticket does not affect the existence or the validity of the contract of carriage, which shall none the less be subject to the rules of this schedule. Nevertheless, if the carrier accepts a passenger without a passenger ticket having been delivered he shall not be entitled to avail himself of those provisions of this schedule which exclude or limit his liability.
Article 4.-(1) For the carriage of baggage, other than small personal objects of which the passenger takes charge himself, the carrier must deliver a baggage check.
(2) The baggage check shall be made out in duplicate, one part for the passenger and the other part for the carrier.
(3) the baggage check shall contain the following particulars:-
(a)the place and date of issue;
(b)the place of departure and of destination;
(c)the name and address of the carrier or carriers;
(d)the number of the passenger ticket;
(e)a statement that delivery of the baggage will be made to the bearer of the baggage check;
(f)the number and weight of the packages;
(g)the amount of the value declared in accordance with Article 22(2);
(h)a statement that the carriage is subject to the rules relating to liability established by the Warsaw Convention.
(4) The absence, irregularity or loss of the baggage check does not affect the existence or the validity of the contract of carriage, which shall none the less be subject to the rules of this schedule. Nevertheless, if the carrier accepts baggage without a baggage check having been delivered, or if the baggage check does not contain the particulars set out at (d), (f ) and (h) above, the carrier shall not be entitled to avail himself of those provisions of this schedule which exclude or limit his liability.
Article 5.-(1) Every carrier of cargo has the right to require the consignor to make out and hand over to him a document called an "air waybill"; every consignor has the right to require the carrier to accept this document.
(2) The absence, irregularity or loss of this document does not affect the existence or the validity of the contract of carriage which shall, subject to the provisions of Article 9, be none the less governed by the rules of this schedule.
Article 6.-(1) The air waybill shall be made out by the consignor in three original parts and be handed over with the cargo.
(2) The first part shall be marked "for the carrier", and shall be signed by the consignor. The second part shall be marked "for the consignee"; it shall be signed by the consignor and by the carrier and shall accompany the cargo. The third part shall be signed by the carrier and handed by him to the consignor after the cargo has been accepted.
(3) The carrier shall sign on acceptance of the cargo.
(4) The signature of the carrier may be stamped; that of the consignor may be printed or stamped.
(5) If, at the request of the consignor, the carrier makes out the air waybill, he shall be deemed, subject to proof to the contrary, to have done so on behalf of the consignor.
Article 7. The carrier of cargo has the right to require the consignor to make out separate air waybills when there is more than one package.
Article 8. The air waybill shall contain the following particulars:-
(a)the place and date of its execution;
(b)the place of departure and of destination;
(c)the agreed stopping places, provided that the carrier may reserve the right to alter the stopping places in case of necessity, and that if he exercises that right the alteration shall not have the effect of depriving the carriage of its international character;
(d)the name and address of the consignor;
(e)the name and address of the first carrier;
(f)the name and address of the consignee, if the case so requires;
(g)the nature of the cargo;
(h)the number of the package, the method of packing and the particular marks or numbers upon them;
(i)the weight, the quantity and the volume or dimensions of the cargo;
(j)the apparent condition of the cargo and of the packing;
(k)the freight, if it has been agreed upon, the date and place of payment, and the person who is to pay it;
(l)if the cargo is sent for payment on delivery, the price of the cargo, and, if the case so requires, the amount of the expenses incurred;
(m)the amount of the value declared in accordance with Article 22(2);
(n)the number of parts of the air waybill;
(o)the documents handed to the carrier to accompany the air waybill;
(p)the time fixed for the completion of the carriage and a brief note of the route to be followed, if these matters have been agreed upon;
(q)a statement that the carriage is subject to the rules relating to liability established by the Warsaw Convention.
Article 9. If the carrier accepts cargo without an air waybill having been made out, or if the air waybill does not contain all the particulars set out in Article 8(a) to (i) inclusive and (q), the carrier shall not be entitled to avail himself of the provisions of this schedule which exclude or limit his liability.
Article 10.-(1) The consignor is responsible for the correctness of the particulars and statements relating to the cargo which he inserts in the air waybill.
(2) The consignor will be liable for all damages suffered by the carrier or any other person by reason of the irregularity, incorrectness or incompleteness of the said particulars and statements.
Article 11.-(1) The air waybill is prima facie evidence of the conclusion of the contract, of the receipt of the cargo and of the conditions of carriage.
(2) The statements in the air waybill relating to the weight, dimensions and packing of the cargo, as well as those relating to the number of packages, are prima facie evidence of the facts stated; those relating to the quantity, volume and condition of the cargo do not constitute evidence against the carrier except so far as they both have been, and are stated in the air waybill to have been, checked by him in the presence of the consignor, or relate to the apparent condition of the cargo.
Article 12.-(1) Subject to his liability to carry out all his obligations under the contract of carriage, the consignor has the right to dispose of the cargo by withdrawing it at the aerodrome of departure or destination, or by stopping it in the course of the journey on any landing, or by calling for it to be delivered at the place of destination or in the course of the journey to a person other than the consignee named in the air waybill, or by requiring it to be returned to the aerodrome of departure. He must not exercise this right of disposition in such a way as to prejudice the carrier or other consignors and he must repay any expenses occasioned by the exercise of this right.
(2) If it is impossible to carry out the orders of the consignor the carrier must so inform him forthwith.
(3) If the carrier obeys the orders of the consignor for the disposition of the cargo without requiring the production of the part of the air waybill delivered to the latter, he will be liable, without prejudice to his right of recovery from the consignor, for any damage which may be caused thereby to any person who is lawfully in possession of that part of the air waybill.
(4) The right conferred on the consignor ceases at the moment when that of the consignee begins in accordance with Article 13. Nevertheless, if the consignee declines to accept the waybill or the cargo, or if he cannot be communicated with, the consignor resumes his right of disposition.
Article 13.-(1) Except in the circumstances set out in the preceding Article, the consignee is entitled, on arrival of the cargo at the place of destination, to require the carrier to hand over to him the air waybill and to deliver the cargo to him, on payment of the charges due and on complying with the conditions of carriage set out in the air waybill.
(2) Unless it is otherwise agreed, it is the duty of the carrier to give notice to the consignee as soon as the cargo arrives.
(3) If the carrier admits the loss of the cargo, or if the cargo has not arrived at the expiration of seven days after the date on which it ought to have arrived, the consignee is entitled to put into force against the carrier the rights which flow from the contract of carriage.
Article 14. The consignor and the consignee can respectively enforce all the rights given them by Articles 12 and 13, each in his own name, whether he is acting in his own interest or in the interest of another, provided that he carries out the obligations imposed by the contract.
Article 15.-(1) Articles 12, 13 and 14 do not affect either the relations of the consignor or the consignee with each other or the mutual relations of third parties whose rights are derived either from the consignor or from the consignee.
(2) The provisions of Articles 12 can only be varied by express provision in the air waybill.
(3) Nothing in this schedule prevents the issue of a negotiable waybill.
Article 16.-(1) The consignor must furnish such information and attach to the air waybill such documents as are necessary to meet the formalities of customs, octroi or police before the cargo can be delivered to the consignee. The consignor is liable to the carrier for any damage occasioned by the absence, insufficiency or irregularity of any such information or documents, unless the damage is due to the fault of the carrier or his servants or agents.
(2) The carrier is under no obligation to enquire into the correctness or sufficiency of such information or documents.
Article 17. The carrier is liable for damage sustained in the event of the death or wounding of a passenger or any other bodily injury suffered by a passenger, if the accident which caused the damage so sustained took place on board the aircraft or in the course of any of the operations of embarking or disembarking.
Article 18.-(1) The carrier is liable for damage sustained in the event of the destruction or loss of, or of damage to, any registered baggage or any cargo, if the occurrence which caused the damage so sustained took place during the carriage by air.
(2) The carriage by air within the meaning of the preceding paragraph comprises the period during which the baggage or cargo are in charge of the carrier, whether in an aerodrome or on board an aircraft, or, in the case of a landing outside an aerodrome, in any place whatsoever.
(3) The period of the carriage by air does not extend to any carriage by land, by sea or by river performed outside an aerodrome. If, however, such a carriage takes place in the performance of a contract for carriage by air, for the purpose of loading, delivery or transshipment, any damage is presumed, subject to proof to the contrary, to have been the result of an event which took place during the carriage by air.
Article 19. The carrier is liable for damage occasioned by delay in the carriage by air of passengers, baggage or cargo.
Article 20.-(1) The carrier is not liable if he proves that he and his agents have taken all necessary measures to avoid the damage or that it was impossible for him or them to take such measures.
(2) In the carriage of cargo and baggage the carrier is not liable if he proves that the damage was occasioned by negligent pilotage or negligence in the handling of the aircraft or in navigation and that, in all other respects, he and his servants or agents have taken all necessary measures to avoid the damage.
Article 21. If the carrier proves that the damage was caused by or contributed to by the negligence of the injured person the court may, in accordance with the provisions of its own law, exonerate the carrier wholly or partly from his liability.
Article 22.-(1) In the carriage of passengers the liability of the carrier for each passenger is limited to the sum of 125,000 francs. Where, in accordance with the law of the court seised of the case, damages may be awarded in the form of periodical payments, the equivalent capital value of the said payments shall not exceed 125,000 francs. Nevertheless, by special contract, the carrier and the passenger may agree to a higher limit of liability.
(2) In the carriage of registered baggage and of cargo, the liability of the carrier is limited to a sum of 250 francs per kilogram, unless the consignor has made, at the time when the package was handed over to the carrier, a special declaration of the value at delivery and has paid a supplementary sum if the case so requires. In that case the carrier will be liable to pay a sum not exceeding the declared sum, unless he proves that that sum is greater than the actual value to the consignor at delivery.
(3) As regards objects of which the passenger takes charge himself the liability of the carrier is limited to 5,000 francs per passenger.
(4) The sums mentioned above shall be deemed to refer to the French franc consisting of 65 1/2 milligrams gold of millesimal fineness 900. These sums may be converted into any national currency in round figures.
Article 23. Any provision tending to relieve the carrier of liability or to fix a lower limit than that which is laid down in this schedule shall be null and void, but the nullity of any such provision does not involve the nullity of the whole contract, which shall remain subject to the provisions of this schedule.
Article 24.-(1) In the cases covered by Articles 18 and 19 any action for damages, however founded, can only be brought subject to the conditions and limits set out in this schedule.
(2) In the cases covered by Article 17 the provisions of the preceding paragraph also apply, without prejudice to the questions as to who are the persons who have the right to bring suit and what are their respective rights.
Article 25.-(1) The carrier shall not be entitled to avail himself of the provisions of this schedule which exclude or limit his liability, if the damage is caused by his wilful misconduct or by such default on his part as, in accordance with the law of the court seised of the case, is considered to be equivalent to wilful misconduct.
(2) Similarly the carrier shall not be entitled to avail himself of the said provisions, if the damage is caused as aforesaid by any servant or agent of the carrier acting within the scope of his employment.
Article 25A.-(1) If an action is brought against a servant or agent of the carrier arising out of damage to which this schedule relates, such servant or agent, if he proves that he acted within the scope of his employment, shall be entitled to avail himself of the limits of liability which that carrier himself is entitled to invoke under Article 22.
(2) The aggregate of the amounts recoverable from the carrier, his servants and agents, in that case, shall not exceed the said limits.
(3) The provisions of paragraphs (1) and (2) of this Article shall not apply if it is proved that the damage resulted from an act or omission of the servant or agent done with intent to cause damage or recklessly and with knowledge that damage would probably result.
Article 26.-(1) Receipt by the person entitled to delivery of baggage or cargo without complaint is prima facie evidence that the same has been delivered in good condition and in accordance with the document of carriage.
(2) In the case of damage, the person entitled to delivery must complain to the carrier forthwith after the discovery of the damage, and, at the latest, within three days from the date of receipt in the case of baggage and seven days from the date of receipt in the case of cargo. In the case of delay the complaint must be made at the latest within fourteen days from the date on which the baggage or cargo have been placed at his disposal.
(3) Every complaint must be made in writing upon the document of carriage or by separate notice in writing despatched within the times aforesaid.
(4) Failing complaint within the times aforesaid, no action shall lie against the carrier, save in the case of fraud on his part.
Article 27. In the case of the death of the person liable, an action for damages lies in accordance with the terms of this schedule against those legally representing his estate.
Article 28.-(1) An action for damages must be brought, at the option of the plaintiff, in the territory of one of the High Contracting Parties to the Warsaw Convention either before the court having jurisdiction where the carrier is ordinarily resident, or has his principal place of business, or has an establishment by which the contract has been made or before the court having jurisdiction at the place of destination.
(2) Questions of procedure shall be governed by the law of the court seised of the case.
Article 29.-(1) The right to damages shall be extinguished if an action is not brought within two years, reckoned from the date of arrival at the destination, or from the date on which the aircraft ought to have arrived, or from the date on which the carriage stopped.
(2) The method of calculating the period of limitation shall be determined by the law of the court seised of the case.
Article 30.-(1) In the case of carriage to be performed by various successive carriers and falling within the definition set out in the third paragraph of Article 1, each carrier who accepts passengers, baggage or cargo is subjected to the rules set out in this schedule, and is deemed to be one of the contracting parties to the contract of carriage in so far as the contract deals with that part of the carriage which is performed under his supervision.
(2) In the case of carriage of this nature, the passenger or his representative can take action only against the carrier who performed the carriage during which the accident or the delay occurred, save in the case where, by express agreement, the first carrier has assumed liability for the whole journey.
(3) As regards baggage or cargo, the passenger or consignor will have a right of action against the first carrier, and the passenger or consignee who is entitled to delivery will have a right of action against the last carrier, and further, each may take action against the carrier who performed the carriage during which the destruction, loss, damage or delay took place. These carriers will be jointly and severally liable to the passenger or to the consignor or consignee.
Article 31.-(1) In the case of combined carriage performed partly by air and partly by any other mode of carriage, the provisions of this schedule apply only to the carriage by air, provided that the carriage by air falls within the terms of Article 1.
(2) Nothing in this schedule shall prevent the parties in the case of combined carriage from inserting in the document of air carriage conditions relating to other modes of carriage, provided that the provisions of this schedule are observed as regards the carriage by air.
Article 32. Any clause contained in the contract and all special agreements entered into before the damage occurred by which the parties purport to infringe the rules laid down by this schedule, whether by deciding the law to be applied, or by altering the rules as to jurisdiction, shall be null and void. Nevertheless for the carriage of cargo arbitration clauses are allowed, subject to this schedule, if the arbitration is to take place within one of the jurisdictions referred to in the first paragraph of Article 28.
Article 33. Nothing contained in this schedule shall prevent the carrier either from refusing to enter into any contract of carriage, or from making regulations which do not conflict with the provisions of this schedule.
Article 34. This schedule does not apply to international carriage by air performed by way of experimental trial by air navigation undertakings with the view to the establishment of a regular line of air navigation, nor does, it apply to carriage performed in extraordinary circumstances outside the normal scope of an air carrier's business.
Article 35. The expression "days" when used in this schedule means
(With reference to Article 2)
The High Contracting Parties reserve to themselves the right to declare at the time of ratification or of accession that the first paragraph of Article 2 of this Convention shall not apply to international carriage by air performed directly by the State, its colonies, protectorates or mandated territories or by any other territory under its sovereignty, suzerainty or authority.
In the Guadalajara Convention as applied by this schedule
(a)"the Warsaw Convention" means
(b)"contracting carrier" means
(c)"actual carrier" means
If an actual carrier performs the whole or part of carriage which, according to the agreement referred to in Article I, paragraph (b), is governed by the Warsaw Convention, both the contracting carrier and the actual carrier shall, except as otherwise provided in the Guadalajara Convention as applied by this schedule, be subject to the rules of the Warsaw Convention , the former for the whole of the carriage contemplated in the agreement, the latter solely for the carriage which he performs.
1. The acts and omissions of the actual carrier and of his servants and agents acting within the scope of their employment shall, in relation to the carriage performed by the actual carrier, be deemed to be also those of the contracting carrier.
2. The acts and omissions of the contracting carrier and of his servants and agents acting within the scope of their employment shall, in relation to the carriage performed by the actual carrier, be deemed to be also those of the actual carrier. Nevertheless, no such act or omission shall subject the actual carrier to liability exceeding the limits specified in Article 22 of the Warsaw Convention. Any special agreement under which the contracting carrier assumes obligations not imposed by the Warsaw Convention or any waiver of rights conferred by that Convention or any special declaration of interest in delivery at destination contemplated in Article 22 of the said Convention, shall not affect the actual carrier unless agreed to by him.
Any complaint to be made or order to be given under the Warsaw Convention to the carrier shall have the same effect whether addressed to the contracting carrier or to the actual carrier. Nevertheless, orders referred to in Article 12 of the Warsaw Convention shall only be effective if addressed to the contracting carrier.
In relation to the carriage performed by the actual carrier, any servant or agent of that carrier or of the contracting carrier shall, if he proves that he acted within the scope of his employment, be entitled to avail himself of the limits of liability which are applicable under the Guadalajara Convention as applied by this schedule to the carrier whose servant or agent he is unless it is proved that he acted in a manner which, under the Warsaw Convention, prevents the limits of liability from being invoked.
In relation to the carriage performed by the actual carrier, the aggregate of the amounts recoverable from that carrier and the contracting carrier, and from their servants and agents acting within the scope of their employment, shall not exceed the highest amount which could be awarded against either the contracting carrier or the actual carrier under the Guadalajara Convention as applied by this schedule, but none of the persons mentioned shall be liable for a sum in excess of the limit applicable to him.
In relation to the carriage performed by the actual carrier, an action for damages may be brought, at the option of the plaintiff, against that carrier or the contracting carrier, or against both together or separately. If the action is brought against only one of those carriers, that carrier shall have the right to require the other carrier to be joined in the proceedings, the procedure and effects being governed by the law of the court seised of the case.
Any action for damages contemplated in Article VII of the Guadalajara Convention as applied by this schedule must be brought, at the option of the plaintiff, either before a court in which an action may be brought against the contracting carrier, as provided in Article 28 of the Warsaw Convention, or before the court having jurisdiction at the place where the actual carrier is ordinarily resident or has his principal place of business.
1. Any contractual provision tending to relieve the contracting carrier or the actual carrier of liability under the Guadalajara Convention as applied by this schedule or to fix a lower limit than that which is applicable according to that Convention as so applied shall be null and void, but the nullity of any such provision does not involve the nullity of the whole agreement, which shall remain subject to the provisions of the said Convention as so applied.
2. In respect of the carriage performed by the actual carrier, the preceding paragraph shall not apply to contractual provisions governing loss or damage resulting from the inherent defect, quality or vice of the cargo carried.
3. Any clause contained in an agreement for carriage and all special agreements entered into before the damage occurred by which the parties purport to infringe the rules laid down by the Guadalajara Convention as applied by this schedule, whether by deciding the law to be applied, or by altering the rules as to jurisdiction, shall be null and void. Nevertheless, for the carriage of cargo arbitration clauses are allowed, subject to the said Convention as so applied, if the arbitration is to take place in one of the jurisdiction referred to in Article VIII.
Except as provided in Article VII, nothing in the Guadalajara Convention as applied by this schedule shall affect the rights and obligations of the two carriers between themselves.
Article 9
Bahamas.
Bermuda.
British Antarctic Territory.
British Honduras.
British Indian Ocean Territory.
British Solomon Islands Protectorate.
British Virgin Islands.
Cayman Islands.
Central and Southern Line Islands.
Cyprus: Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia.
Falkland Islands and Dependencies.
Fiji.
Gibraltar.
Gilbert and Ellice Islands Colony.
Hong Kong.
Mauritius.
Montserrat.
St. Helena and Ascension.
Seychelles.
Turks and Caicos Islands.
1. This Order, made under sections 9 and 10 of the Carriage by Air Act 1961 and section 5 of the Carriage by Air (Supplementary Provisions) Act 1962, applies by Article 4 and schedule 2 the principles of the Warsaw Convention as amended by the Hague Protocol and of the Guadalajara Convention to carriage of mail and to non-international carriage within the meaning of those Conventions, to which those Conventions do not themselves apply. The Order also applies the Acts of 1961 and 1962, subject to certain modifications and adaptations, to carriage by air to which the Order applies. ( Article 7 and schedule 1.) Under this Order the carrier will be liable for loss of or damage to cargo (including mail) and for injury or death caused to passengers unless he proves that he took due care; and his liability will be limited in the absence of wilful misconduct. The limit of liability in respect of passengers in non-international carriage will be approximately £21,000 instead of approximately £3,000 under the Carriage by Air (Non-international Carriage) (Colonies, Protectorates and Trust Territories) Order 1953 which, together with its amending Orders, is revoked by this Order.
2. The Order makes exceptions, modifications and adaptations in applying the Conventions, notably omitting the requirements of documentation and the restriction of the courts in which actions may be brought.
3. The Order also makes transitional provision, by Article 5 and schedules 3 and 4, for carriage still governed by the unamended Warsaw Convention , to which the United Kingdom remains a party, and which limits liability in respect of passengers to approximately £3,000, in the absence of wilful misconduct, unless the carrier has contracted for a higher figure.
4. The Order provides that the Acts of 1961 and 1962, and the Order itself, are to apply to gratuitous carriage by the Crown as they apply to carriage by the Crown for reward, except that the Crown may limit its liability although a passenger ticket has not been issued ( Article 8).
5. The provisions of the Order apply to the territories mentioned in schedule 5.
6. The Order empowers the Governor of such a territory to grant exemptions from any of its provisions in relation to that territory (Article 6).
(1967 II, p. 2384).
(1953 I, p. 258).
(1955 I, p. 348)
(1961 III, p. 4274)
